Urban transport has been riddled with problems of increasing congestion, air pollution, rising accidents, rising greenhouse gases emissions and many other consequential impacts.
Major investments are being poured into infrastructure and systems development to deal with these issues, and there have been several studies that have estimated the quantum of investments needed for infrastructure spending along with various policy regimes emerging to enable and guide these investments. National governments have been driving these policies, processes and projects – often under the assumption that the urban local bodies do not have the capacity to plan and execute them, thus rendering the entire process undemocratic. Large infrastructure projects, which are often accompanied by land reforms, are re-shaping cities in an unprecedented manner, causing social upheaval. The environmental impact of these changes is both significant and largely ignored, as are the long-term financial consequences for the country and the city itself.